Some criminologists assert that certain offenders are born into environments (such as extreme poverty or discriminated-against minority groups) that tend to generate criminal behavior. Hereditary physical and psychological traits are today generally ruled out as independent causes of crime, but psychological states are believed to determine an individual's reaction to potent environmental influences. Since cultures vary in organization and values, what is considered criminal may also vary, although most societies have restrictive laws or customs. Some consider crime a type of anomic behavior others characterize it as a more conscious response to social conditions, to stress, to the breakdown in law enforcement or social order, and to the labeling of certain behavior as deviant. Many criminologists regard crime as one among several forms of deviance, about which there are conflicting theories.
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